LUTEIN FROM CHLORELLA VULGARIS: A SOURCE FOR THE TREATMENT OF AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGRADATION (AMD): - A REVIEW
Keywords:
Lutein, Chlorella vulgaris, AMD, MPOD,,Abstract
Lutein, a natural xanthophyll pigment found in green plants and microalgae like
Chlorella vulgaris, has the formula C40H56O2 and has high antioxidant effects. Chlorella
vulgaris produced reactive oxygen species (ROS), which exposed to stress conditions like
strong light, deflection in nutrition, salt and high temperature. To neutralize the reactive oxygen
species, lutein play a vital role. It is synthesized in chloroplasts via the Methylerythritol
phosphate (MEP) route, preserves the photosynthetic system and promotes cell stability. In
humans, it accumulates in the retinal macula, where it filters damaging blue light and promotes
visual health. To extract lutein effectively, the algal cell wall must be disrupted. Using
sophisticated techniques like ultrasound, microwave, enzyme-assisted, or supercritical CO₂
help to separate lutein from Chlorella vulgaris. For the purification of lutein use of liquid
liquid partitioning chromatography and counter-current chromatography. The other
chromatography like HSCCC, HPCCC, and CPC recommended for industrial scale purpose. A
Lutein molecules have significant biological, industrial, and therapeutic applications, notably
in increasing visual function and treating age-related macular degeneration.
References
Bernstein, Paul S., et al. “Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Meso-Zeaxanthin: The Basic and
Clinical Science Underlying Carotenoid-Based Nutritional Interventions against Ocular
Disease.” Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, vol. 50, 2016, pp. 34–66.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.10.003.
Bone, Richard A., John T. Landrum, and Susan L. Tarsis. “Preliminary Identification
of the Human Macular Pigment.” Vision Research, vol. 25, no. 11, 1985, pp. 1531
https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(85)90123-4.
Krinsky, Norman I., John T. Landrum, and Richard A. Bone. “Biologic Mechanisms of
the Protective Role of Lutein and Zeaxanthin in the Eye.” Annual Review of Nutrition,
vol. 23, 2003, pp. 171–201. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073307.
Ma, L., et al. “Lutein and Zeaxanthin Supplementation Improves Visual Performance
in Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration.” Ophthalmology, vol. 119, no. 11,
, pp. 2290–2297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.06.002.
Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) Research Group. “Lutein + Zeaxanthin
and Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Age-Related Macular Degeneration.” JAMA, vol. 309,
no. 19, 2013, pp. 2005–2015. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.4997.
Del Campo, Juan A., et al. “Outdoor Cultivation of Microalgae for Carotenoid
Production: Current State and Perspectives.” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,
vol. 74, no. 6, 2007, pp. 1163–1174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-007-0844-9.
Gong, Meng, and Amarjeet Bassi. “Carotenoids from Microalgae: A Review of Recent
Developments.” Biotechnology Advances, vol. 34, no. 8, 2016, pp. 1396–1412.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.10.005.
Lin, J. H., D. J. Lee, and J. S. Chang. “Lutein Production from Microalgae:
Biosynthesis, Extraction, and Purification.” Bioresource Technology, vol. 184, 2015,
pp. 421–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.052.
Ribeiro, H. S., and H. Schubert. “Aqueous Emulsions for Lutein Encapsulation.”
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 51, no. 24, 2003, pp. 7118–7123.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0347030.
Zhao, L., G. Chen, and X. Hu. “Supercritical CO₂ Extraction of Carotenoids from
Microalgae: Optimization and Purification.” Journal of Supercritical Fluids, vol. 112,
, pp. 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2016.02.019.
Chandanshive, V. R., and P. B. Cholke. “Assessment of Fresh Water Algal Diversity
Oct.
of Jawhar, Dist-Palghar (MS), India.” Ecology, Environment and Conservation, vol.
,
Suppl.
Issue,
,
pp.
S306–S310.
https://doi.org/10.53550/EEC.2022.v28i06s.052.
Mercadante, A., et al. Carotenoids Handbook. Edited by G. Britton, S. Liaaen-Jensen,
and H. Pfander, Springer Science & Business Media, 2004.
Akuffo, K., et al. “Sustained Supplementation and Monitored Response with Differing
Carotenoid Formulations in Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration.” Eye, vol. 29,
, pp. 902–912.
Shyam, R., et al. “RPE65 Has an Additional Function as the Lutein to Meso-Zeaxanthin
Isomerase in the Vertebrate Eye.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of
the United States of America, vol. 114, 2017, pp. 10882–10887.
